НА ГЛАВНУЮ | |
№ 2/2017
СОКОЛОВСКАЯ Алла Михайловна1, РАЙНОВА Л. Б.2
1НИФИ ГУНУ "Академия финансового управления"
2ГУНУ "Академия финансового управления"
Гармонизация акцизного налогообложения табачных изделий
Ekon. prognozuvannâ 2017; 2:93-115 | https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2017.02.093 |
АННОТАЦИЯ ▼
Исследованы основные проблемные аспекты политики гармонизации акцизного налогообложения сигарет в постсоциалистических странах ЕС, более подробно – на примере Болгарии. Рассмотрены последствия указанной политики в контексте ее влияния на рынок сигарет, достижения целей в сферах здравоохранения и обеспечения бюджетных поступлений. Обоснована целесообразность учета в Украине опыта постсоциалистических стран ЕС относительно обеспечения выполнения минимальных требований по уровню акцизного налогообложения сигарет. Проанализированы особенности акцизной политики в Украине и предложены направления ее усовершенствования.
Ключевые слова: налоговая гармонизация, акцизный налог, адвалорный акциз, специфический акциз, минимальное акцизное обязательство, акцизный доход
Статья на украинском языке (cтр. 93 - 115) | Загрузить | Загрузок : 902 |
ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ▼
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№ 2/2021
1НИФИ ГУНУ "Академия финансового управления"
МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ОЦЕНКЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ НАЛОГОВЫХ ЛЬГОТ И ПРАКТИКА ИХ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ
Ekon. prognozuvannâ 2021; 2:32-51 | https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2021.02.032 |
АННОТАЦИЯ ▼
Налоговые льготы, учитывая их последствия для экономики и бюджетной системы, выступают наиболее противоречивым элементом любого налога. Поэтому принятие политических решений о введении новых, продолжении использования или отмены существующих налоговых льгот должно основываться на достоверной информации об их ожидаемой или фактической результативности и эффективности. Целью этой статьи является определение методологических подходов к оценке использования налоговых льгот как предпосылки повышения обоснованности налоговой политики и эффективности государственного управления финансовой системой.
В статье на основе анализа западных литературных источников рассмотрены методологические подходы к оценке использования налоговых льгот в контексте их результативности (достижение целей и выполнение условий предоставления, влияние на поведение экономических агентов и результаты их деятельности), эффективности (сравнение выгод и издержек) и относительной эффективности (сравнение эффективности налоговых льгот и других инструментов политики) (effectiveness, efficiency and relative efficiency), а также методов и инструментов оценки. Практическое применение указанных методологических подходов рассмотрено на примере инвестиционных и инновационных льгот по налогу на прибыль предприятий и льгот по НДС (пониженной ставки налога на трудоемкие услуги). Отмечено, что оценка последствий введения налоговых льгот может обеспечиваться с использованием методов сравнительного анализа поведения фирмы-бенефициара до и после введения налогового стимула; опроса менеджеров фирмы о том, как налоговая льгота влияет на те или иные аспекты их поведения (инвестиционные решения, внедрение ИиР, политику в сфере занятости и оплаты труда и т.д.); эконометрического анализа.
По результатам исследования сделан вывод, что в конечном итоге выбор того или иного подхода к оценке применения налоговых льгот, а также методов и инструментов анализа определяется имеющейся информационной базой в открытых источниках и доступом к информации, которая не обнародуется. Кроме того, достоверность результатов оценки применения налоговых льгот в значительной степени зависит от соблюдения требований и процедур при их введении, в частности, определения целей, а – при необходимости – и условий их предоставления, а также от качества и полноты учета предоставленных льгот. Именно последнее, а также наличие необходимой информации и ее обнародование составляет одну из основных проблем оценки применения налоговых льгот в странах с трансформационной экономикой.
Ключевые слова:налоговые льготы; результативность, эффективность и относительная эффективность применения налоговых льгот; модель предельной эффективной налоговой ставки; налоговые расходы
Статья на украинском языке (cтр. 32 - 51) | Загрузить | Загрузок : 782 |
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№ 1/2022
1НИФИ ГУНУ "Академия финансового управления"
THE BENCHMARK FOR VAT AND VAT EXPENDITURES IN UKRAINE: METHODOLOGICAL AND PRAGMATIC ASPECTS
Ekon. prognozuvannâ 2022; 1:78-106 | https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2022.01.078 |
АННОТАЦИЯ ▼
Despite the preparation by the State Tax Service of Ukraine of Reports on tax reliefs that are a loss of budget revenues, which indicate certain steps towards the introduction of the concept of tax expenditures in the budget process, the question of their quality remains open due to the uncertainty of the principles of distribution of tax reliefs into those that are losses of budget revenues and other tax reliefs, and due to the algorithm for calculating budget losses from the provision of tax reliefs. In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to determine methodological approaches to the formation of Directories and, accordingly, Reports of the State Tax Service of Ukraine on tax reliefs (on the example of VAT reliefs), that are losses of budget revenues, and on other tax reliefs and justification of the guidelines for improving the quality of such reports.
Based on the analysis of concepts of benchmark tax system (tax) and tax expenditure and approaches to determining their main elements, the author formulates requirements for the structure of Directories of tax reliefs and Reports on tax reliefs, in particular, it is established that if the Directory of tax reliefs, which are losses of budget revenues should include only tax expenditures, then in the structure of the Directory of other tax incentives two components can be distinguished – "structural incentives", which are elements of the benchmark tax system, and special incentives that do not lead to the loss of budgetary revenues. In order to facilitate the identification and analysis, the main components of "structural VAT reliefs" in Ukraine, as well as types (groups) of reliefs that do not cause budget losses are identified, cases of unjustified classification of tax reliefs in the State Tax Service Directories are considered and proposals to change their classification are substantiated. Based on the calculations, it was identified which groups of reliefs predominate in the system of other reliefs, as well as in the reliefs that are losses of budget revenues.
According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the amount of "structural reliefs" of VAT in Ukraine is 4.5 times higher than the amount of tax expenditures, which, if necessary, can be considered as a reserve for increasing tax revenues to the state budget of Ukraine. The shortcomings of the systematic accounting of VAT reliefs in the Directories of tax reliefs have been identified and proposals aimed at improving the correctness and completeness of their accounting have been developed.
Ключевые слова:benchmark tax system; tax expenditures, "structural reliefs", VAT reliefs, tax reliefs accounting, Directories of tax reliefs
Статья на украинском языке (cтр. 78 - 106) | Загрузить | Загрузок : 275 |
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doi.org/10.15407/eip2017.02.093
№ 2/2023
1НИФИ ГУНУ "Академия финансового управления"
The rates of budget-forming taxes in Ukraine: is a radical reduction advisable?
Ekon. prognozuvannâ 2023; 2:66-91 | https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2023.02.066 |
АННОТАЦИЯ ▼
In the context of Russian Federation's full-scale war against Ukraine, the idea of conducting a radical tax reform in our country, which would provide for the establishment of corporate income tax, personal income tax and VAT rates at the same level of 10%, has become widespread, and later transformed into the idea of an "anti-corruption" tax reform. According to the reform’s supporters, lowering the rates of the main taxes will ensure the de-shadowing of the economy, destroy the grounds for corruption, and on this basis will lead to an increase in tax revenues, if not in the first year of the reform, then at least in the short term.
Optimistic forecasts regarding the fiscal consequences of a radical reduction in the rates of main taxes in Ukraine are based on simplified ideas about the impact of the size of tax rates on the scale of the shadow economy and tax revenues. The purpose of the article is to refute these ideas by revealing, using the results of theoretical and empirical studies, the ambiguous nature of the relationship between tax rates and the size of the shadow economy and tax revenues.
A comparative analysis of the rates of VAT, personal income tax, corporative income tax and social security contributions in Ukraine and the EU countries has been carried out, which allows to establish that none of the EU countries has ever introduced low rates for all major taxes and social security contributions, reduced the VAT rate to the level of minimum EU requirements (15%), or refused to finance pension payments through social security contributions, distributing their burden between employers and employees. The author analyzes the impact of tax rates, tax burden and other factors on the level of the shadow economy and establishes why lower tax rates do not guarantee a reduction in the scale of informal activities. The absence of a direct link between the size of tax rates and corruption is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the arithmetic and economic effects of tax rate cuts, the author determines their ambiguous impact on tax revenues. A comparative analysis has been made of the fiscal efficiency of the taxes whose rates are proposed to be reduced and of the compensating taxes, and the impossibility of compensating budget losses by increasing these taxes is substantiated. The author concludes about the high fiscal risks of a radical reduction in the rates of budget-forming taxes in general and the impossibility of such a reduction during the war.
Ключевые слова:tax reform; tax rates; social security contributions; shadow economy; effects of tax rate cuts
Статья на украинском языке (cтр. 66 - 91) | Загрузить | Загрузок : 213 |
ПЕРЕЧЕНЬ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ▼
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