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№ 2/2016
1State Institution "Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Property transformation in Ukraine: results of institutional change
Ekon. prognozuvannâ 2016; 2:21-36 | https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2016.02.021 |
ABSTRACT ▼
The article is devoted to summarizing reform of property relations in Ukraine for twenty-five years of state independence. It analyzes the changes that occurred during this period in the relevant formal and informal public institutions. The author identifies a number of historically determined institutional risks of property transformation, which lead to a distortion of the nature of reforms and the depreciation of their results.
It is revealed that imperfection and inconsistency of the legislation regulating property relations brings about a permanent erosion of property rights and corruption; the crisis of legitimacy of private property leads to an outflow of capital, rising unemployment and falling living standards; disregard for the owners' rights is realized in their forced redistribution by re-privatization or raiding and impedes long-term investment; the threat of restitution casts doubt on real estate transactions and destabilizes the business environment.
It is concluded about the necessity of a comprehensive coherent compensation of the outlined institutional risks based on consideration of historically formed pe-culiarities of Ukrainian economic and legal mentality. Developed proposals on improving state policy in the sphere of property relations in order to enhance social legitimacy of private property and guarantees of owners' rights, fighting corruption, law enforcement, regulation of property legislation in accordance with universally recognized norms and standards of law, and rising the welfare and legal culture of society.
Keywords: institutional changes, formal and informal institutions, institutional risks, property rights, transformation of ownership, property legitimacy, privatization, property redistribution, restitution
JEL: К11, О17
Article in English (pp. 21 - 36) | Download | Downloads :869 |
REFERENCES ▼
2. Halchynskyi, A.S. (2001). Contradictions reforms, in the context of the process of civilization. Kyiv: Ukrainski propilei [in Ukrainian].
3. Heyets, V. M. (Ed.) (2003). Ukraine's economy: strategy and long-term development policy. Institute for Economics and Forecasting. Kyiv: Feniks [in Ukrainian].
4. Denysiuk, O. M. (2005). The formation of a mixed economy and rationalization of the ownership structure in Ukraine. NDEI Min. ekonomiky Ukrainy. Kyiv: KNYHA-VEHA [in Ukrainian].
5. Law of Ukraine of 07.02.1991 N 697-12 "On Property". (1991). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 20, article 249 [in Ukrainian].
6. Law of Ukraine "On the ownership of land" from 30.01.1992 N 2073-12. (1992). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 18, article 225 [in Ukrainian].
7. Law of Ukraine "On privatization of state property" from 04.03.1992 N 2163-12. (1992). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 24, article 348 [in Ukrainian].
8. Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine" dated 16.12.1993 N 3718-12. (1994). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 3, article 15 [in Ukrainian].
9. The Criminal Code of Ukraine. (November 15, 1997). Kyiv: Parlamentske vydavnytstvo [in Ukrainian].
10. The Constitution of Ukraine. (June 28, 1996). Kyiv: Pravo [in Ukrainian].
11. Civil Code of Ukraine (January 1, 2004). Kyiv: Parlamentske vydavnytstvo [in Ukrainian].
12. Economic Code of Ukraine. (January 16, 2003). Kyiv: Parlamentske vydavnytstvo [in Ukrainian].
13. The Law of Ukraine "On amendments and additions to the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR" of 13.03.1992 N 2196-12. (1992). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 25, article 354 [in Ukrainian].
14. Law of Ukraine "On Agricultural Cooperation" of 17.07.1997 number 469/97-VR. (1997). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 39, article 261 [in Ukrainian].
15. Law of Ukraine "On Land Lease" dated 06.10.1998 N 161-14. (1998). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 46–47. Article 280 [in Ukrainian].
16. The Land Code of Ukraine: official text, adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine October 25, 2001. (2002). Kyiv: Vydavnychyi dim "In Yure" [in Ukrainian].
17. The Civil Code of Ukraine from 16.01.2003 number 435-IV (Ed. 08.06.2010). Retrieved from zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=435-15 [in Ukrainian].
18. Fedorchenko, M., Yanov, O. (6 June, 2006) New laws in the sphere of land relations. Retrieved from www.myland.org.ua/index.php?id=462&lang=uk&razd [in Ukrainian].
19. Ukrainian wasted millions of hectares of land to bypass the moratorium (October 9, 2008). Ekonomichna pravda. Retrieved from: www.epravda.com.ua/news/48ee114c39e5a/ [in Ukrainian].
20. Efimenko, T. (1916). Customary law of the Ukrainian people. The Ukrainian people in its past and present, 2. Petrograd [in Russian].
21. The privatization processes in Ukraine. (21 April, 1999). Kyiv [in Russian].
22. Burkovskyi, P., Kyselov, S. (2008). Public perception of the market reforms in Ukraine. Kyiv: NISD. Retrieved from www.niss.gov.ua/Monitor/august08/03.htm [in Ukrainian].
23. Kyrychenko, I. (27 September, 2013). Private ownership, outside of public recognition? Retrieved from gazeta.dt.ua/socium/privatna-vlasnist-za-ramkami-gromadskogo-viznannya-_.html [in Ukrainian].
24. Velihova, L. A. (Eds.). (1907). Code of agricultural programs. The alienation of land, land-device community, resettlement and relocation, rent, Peasant Bank, land tax, the improvement of the economy, state aid, the ultimate goals, literature. St. Petersburg [in Russian].
25. Domashenko, M. V., Rubanyk, V. Ie. (2002). Property and ownership: Essays on history, philosophy, theory and practice of regulation of property relations in Ukraine. Kharkiv: Fakt [in Ukrainian].
26. Vynnychenko, V. K. (1920). Revival of the Nation: A History of the Ukrainian revolution. March 1917 – December 1919. Kyiv; Viden: Dzvin [in Ukrainian].
27. The letter to the Ukrainian people on April 29, 1918 (May 16, 1918). Derzhavnyi visnyk, 1 [in Ukrainian].
28. The Law Council of People's UPR Ministers "On the ground in the Ukrainian People's Republic". TsDAVO Ukrainy. F. 2208. Op. 2. Spr. 2. Ark. 21 zv. 22. Druk. prym. [in Ukrainian].
29. Korolivskyi, S. M. (1957). First Circular of the Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Ukraine. Pershyi zizd Rad Ukrainy. Kyiv: Derzhpolitvydav Ukrainy [in Ukrainian].
30. The Civil Code of the Ukrainian SSR (approved VUTSVK 16th December 1922) with changes and amendments to the 1st June 1927 and an alphabetical index. (1927). (5th ed.). Kharkiv: Yuryd. vyd-vo NKIu USRR [in Ukrainian].
31. Reznik, V. S. (2007). Structure and social media legitimacy of private ownership of land and capital in the Ukrainian society. Ukrainskyi sotsium, 3 (20), 91–99 [in Ukrainian].
32. The International Property Rights Index 2015 (2016). The Property Rights Alliance. Retrieved from internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/country?c=UKRAINE
33. Association Agreement between Ukraine, on one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand (2014). Retrieved from zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/984_011
34. Banchuk, O. A., Dmytriieva, I. O. (et al.). (2015). Compensation for victims of violent crime: European standards and international law. Kyiv: Moskalenko O. M. [in Ukrainian].
35. Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church requires her to return tens of thousands of hectares of land and Real Estate (2011). Relihiia v Ukraini. Retrieved from www.religion.in.ua/news/ukrainian_news/10077-ugkc-vimagaye-povernuti-yij-desyatki-tisyach-gektariv-zemli-ta-neruxomist.html [in Ukrainian].
1State Institution "Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Property transformation in Ukraine: results of institutional change
Ekon. prognozuvannâ 2016; 2:24-40 |
ABSTRACT ▼
The article is devoted to summarizing reform of property relations in Ukraine for twenty-five years of state independence. It analyzes the changes that occurred during this period in the relevant formal and informal public institutions. The author identifies a number of historically determined institutional risks of property transformation, which lead to a distortion of the nature of reforms and the depreciation of their results.
It is revealed that imperfection and inconsistency of the legislation regulating property relations brings about a permanent erosion of property rights and corruption; the crisis of legitimacy of private property leads to an outflow of capital, rising unemployment and falling living standards; disregard for the owners' rights is realized in their forced redistribution by re-privatization or raiding and impedes long-term investment; the threat of restitution casts doubt on real estate transactions and destabilizes the business environment.
It is concluded about the necessity of a comprehensive coherent compensation of the outlined institutional risks based on consideration of historically formed pe-culiarities of Ukrainian economic and legal mentality. Developed proposals on im-proving state policy in the sphere of property relations in order to enhance social legitimacy of private property and guarantees of owners' rights, fighting corruption, law enforcement, regulation of property legislation in accordance with universally recognized norms and standards of law, and rising the welfare and legal culture of society.
Keywords: institutional changes, formal and informal institutions, institutional risks, property rights, transformation of ownership, property legitimacy, privatization, property redistribution, restitution
JEL: К11, О17
Article in Ukrainian (pp. 24 - 40) | Download | Downloads :757 |
REFERENCES ▼
2. Halchynskyi, A.S. (2001). Contradictions reforms, in the context of the process of civilization. Kyiv: Ukrainski propilei [in Ukrainian].
3. Heyets, V.M. (Ed.) (2003). Ukraine's economy: strategy and long-term development policy. Institute for Economics and Forecasting. Kyiv: Feniks [in Ukrainian].
4. Denysiuk, O.M. (2005). The formation of a mixed economy and rationalization of the ownership structure in Ukraine. NDEI Min. ekonomiky Ukrainy. Kyiv: KNYHA-VEHA [in Ukrainian].
5. Law of Ukraine of 07.02.1991 № 697-12 "On Property". (1991). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 20, article 249 [in Ukrainian].
6. Law of Ukraine "On the ownership of land" from 30.01.1992 № 2073-12. (1992). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 18, article 225 [in Ukrainian].
7. Law of Ukraine "On privatization of state property" from 04.03.1992 № 2163-12. (1992). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 24, article 348 [in Ukrainian].
8. Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine" dated 16.12.1993 № 3718-12. (1994). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 3, article 15 [in Ukrainian].
9. The Criminal Code of Ukraine. (November 15, 1997). Kyiv: Parlamentske vydavnytstvo [in Ukrainian].
10. The Constitution of Ukraine. (June 28, 1996). Kyiv: Pravo [in Ukrainian].
11. Civil Code of Ukraine (January 1, 2004). Kyiv: Parlamentske vydavnytstvo [in Ukrainian].
12. Economic Code of Ukraine. (January 16, 2003). Kyiv: Parlamentske vydavnytstvo [in Ukrainian].
13. The Law of Ukraine "On amendments and additions to the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR" of 13.03.1992 № 2196-12. (1992). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 25, article 354 [in Ukrainian].
14. Law of Ukraine "On Agricultural Cooperation" of 17.07.1997 number 469/97-VR. (1997). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 39, article 261 [in Ukrainian].
15. Law of Ukraine "On Land Lease" dated 06.10.1998 № 161-14. (1998). Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy, 46–47. Article 280 [in Ukrainian].
16. The Land Code of Ukraine: official text, adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine October 25, 2001. (2002). Kyiv: Vydavnychyi dim "In Yure" [in Ukrainian].
17. The Civil Code of Ukraine from 16.01.2003 number 435-IV (Ed. 08.06.2010). Retrieved from: zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=435-15 [in Ukrainian].
18. Fedorchenko, M., Yanov, O. (6 June, 2006) New laws in the sphere of land relations. Retrieved from: www.myland.org.ua/index.php?id=462&lang=uk&razd
19. Ukrainian wasted millions of hectares of land to bypass the moratorium (October 9, 2008). Ekonomichna pravda. Retrieved from: www.epravda.com.ua/news/48ee114c39e5a/ [in Ukrainian].
20. Efimenko, T. (1916). Customary law of the Ukrainian people. The Ukrainian people in its past and present, 2. Petrograd [in Russian].
21. The privatization processes in Ukraine (21 April, 1999). Kyiv [in Russian].
22. Burkovskyi, P., Kyselov, S. (2008). Public perception of the market reforms in Ukraine. Kyiv: NISD. Retrieved from: www.niss.gov.ua/Monitor/august08/03.htm [in Ukrainian].
23. Kyrychenko, I. (27 September, 2013). Private ownership, outside of public recognition? Retrieved from: gazeta.dt.ua/socium/privatna-vlasnist-za-ramkami-gromadskogo-viznannya-_.html [in Ukraini-an].
24. Velihova, L.A. (Eds.). (1907). Code of agricultural programs. The alienation of land, land-device community, resettlement and relocation, rent, Peasant Bank, land tax, the improvement of the economy, state aid, the ultimate goals, literature. St. Petersburg [in Russian].
25. Domashenko, M.V., Rubanyk, V.Ie. (2002). Property and ownership: Essays on history, philosophy, theory and practice of regulation of property relations in Ukraine. Kharkiv: Fakt [in Ukrainian].
26. Vynnychenko, V.K. (1920). Revival of the Nation: A History of the Ukrainian revolution. March 1917 – December 1919. Kyiv; Viden: Dzvin [in Ukrainian].
27. The letter to the Ukrainian people on April 29, 1918 (May 16, 1918). Derzhavnyi visnyk, 1 [in Ukraini-an].
28. The Law Council of People's UPR Ministers "On the ground in the Ukrainian People's Republic". TsDAVO Ukrainy. F. 2208. Op. 2. Spr. 2. Ark. 21 zv. 22. Druk. prym. [in Ukrainian].
29. Korolivskyi, S.M. (1957). First Circular of the Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Ukraine. Pershyi zizd Rad Ukrainy. Kyiv: Derzhpolitvydav Ukrainy [in Ukrainian].
30. The Civil Code of the Ukrainian SSR (approved VUTSVK 16th December 1922) with changes and amendments to the 1st June 1927 and an alphabetical index. (1927). (5th ed.). Kharkiv: Yuryd. vyd-vo NKIu USRR [in Ukrainian].
31. Reznik, V.S. (2007). Structure and social media legitimacy of private ownership of land and capital in the Ukrainian society. Ukrainskyi sotsium, 3 (20), 91–99 [in Ukrainian].
32. The International Property Rights Index 2015 (2016). The Property Rights Alliance. Retrieved from: internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/country?c=UKRAINE
33. Association Agreement between Ukraine, on one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand (2014). Retrieved from: zakon2.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/984_011
34. Banchuk, O.A., Dmytriieva, I.O. (et al.) (2015). Compensation for victims of violent crime: European standards and international law. Kyiv: Moskalenko O.M. [in Ukrainian].
35. Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church requires her to return tens of thousands of hectares of land and Real Estate (2011). Relihiia v Ukraini. Retrieved from: www.religion.in.ua/news/ukrainian_news/10077-ugkc-vimagaye-povernuti-yij-desyatki-tisyach-gektariv-zemli-ta-neruxomist.html
№ 3/2020
NEBRAT Viktoriia Vasylivna1, GORDITSA Karolina Adolfivna2, GORIN Nazar Olegovych3
1Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine
2State Institution "Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
3State Institution "Institute for Economics and Forecasting, NAS of Ukraine"
Structural and financial risks of land capitalization: lessons of domestic history
Ekon. prognozuvannâ 2020; 3:75-96 | https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.03.075 |
ABSTRACT ▼
The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship between expected results and real institutional, structural, and financial consequences of agrarian reforms aimed at the capitalization of land. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the positive and negative experience of the peasant reform of 1861 on changes in the relations of ownership and land use in the budgetary and financial sphere and foreign economic activity. Research is based on the history-institutional methodology using tools of economic comparability, retrospective analysis, and historical reconstruction.
It is defined that the opening of the land market and the creation of a system of mortgage land loans allowed to increase the share of private land ownership of peasants, but did not turn them into effective owners and did not solve the problem of peasant land. Rising land prices contributed to the development of land speculation and increased rents, encouraging the farmers to predatory land use and depletion of soils without increasing productivity.
The capitalization of land and the expansion of the hired labor market contributed to economic growth, increased government revenues and expenditures, and overcame the chronic state budget deficit. At the same time, the credit indebtedness of peasants grew, while buyback payments depleted peasant farms, reducing the potential for capital formation and investment.
The public policy of forcing grain exports and supporting large agribusiness allowed to replenish the gold reserves of the treasury, but also led to the impoverishment of farmers, reduced quality of the exported grain, increased share of fodder crops, and lower share of food crops and finished goods. Intensified international competition to expand the supply of cheap grain led to lower prices, weaker competitive position of domestic exporters, and the growing dependence of the economy on world markets for agricultural products, and the dependence of local agrarian business on foreign capital.
The article provides recommendations to the government about taking into account the historical experience in the implementation of modern agrarian transformations, in particular, comprehensive support for farming as the main link of agricultural production and the guarantor of food security of the country. Their implementation will help prevent the risks of over-concentration of land, the proletarianization of the peasantry and their massive migration to cities and abroad, growing environmental problems, and vulnerability of the economy due to increasing dependence on the world markets for agricultural raw materials.
The publication was prepared based on the results of the research "Evolution of foreign economic relations of Ukraine (second half of the XVII - beginning of the XXI century)" (№ DR 0116U004418).
Keywords:agrarian reform, land capitalization, land ownership, peasant bank, financial support of the reform, productivity of agricultural production, export of agricultural products
JEL: N53, Q15, Q17, Q18
Article in Ukrainian (pp. 75 - 96) | Download | Downloads :480 |
REFERENCES ▼
2. Liashchenko, P.Y. (1908). Essays on Agrarian Evolution in Russia. Vol. 1. Saint-Petersburg [in Russian].
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13. Semenov, D.P. (1904). Statistical essay of peasant land tenure and land use in European Russia. Saint-Petersburg: Typografyya MVD [in Russian].
14. Tugan-Baranovsky, M.I. (1906). Nationalization of the land. An outline of the movement in favor of land nationalization and practical gains. sec. ed. Saint-Petersburg: Typ. Skorokhodova [in Russian].
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